| 摘要: |
| 柬埔寨洞里萨湖（Tonle Sap Lake）位于湄公河下游盆地的中心地带，是汹涌的湄公河的缩影和“心脏”，也是湄公河三角洲复杂生态水文的重要组成部分。如今，生物多样性极为丰富的洪泛区是170万人口的家园，也是含有鱼类物种最多的地区之一，极易受水电、灌溉、防洪和供水等大型水利工程设施建设的影响。在森林砍伐、种植作物单一、人口增长、国际投资激增、大规模旅游等各种发展压力下，千百年来的人类聚落、多民族的生活和社会文化习俗均受到威胁。同时，受淤积、污染、野生动物（尤其是鱼类和鸟类）资源的过度开发及农林种植规模扩张的影响，湖泊的生态活力岌岌可危。柬埔寨动荡的历史与大幅度土地割据，对其水利基础设施产生了根本性的影响。揭示了人类通过工程建设和领地扩张强化自身影响的情况下，土壤、植被、地形和水等自然景观要素与人类主宰力之间的内在联系。早先人类聚落和生产性景观的形成得益于多种传统生态知识（traditional ecological knowledge, TEK），特别体现在保留至今的众多水上渔村和湖边高脚屋上。批判性地指出，在过去的2个世纪里，人类大规模地侵占自然环境开展工程建设所形成的景观，在某种程度上破坏了自然系统的稳定性，人与自然和谐共生的关系被打破。只有深刻理解区域景观生态内的复杂关系并致力于其恢复重建，才能实现人类与其他物种和谐共生的愿景。 |
| 关键词: 洞里萨湖 湄公河下游流域 传统生态知识 聚落 干扰性水利工程 |
| DOI：10.14085/j.fjyl.2022.02.0012.14 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Lake: Iterating Between Disruptive Water Engineering and TEK |
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(BEL) Bruno De Meulder1, (BEL) Kelly Shannon1, JIA Lyuyuan2, WANG Xiyue2
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1.KU Leuven;2.Beijing Forestry University
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| Abstract: |
| The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, both a pars pro toto and unique “beating heart” of the dynamic lower Mekong Basin, is a principal component of the complex hydrological Mekong Delta ecology. Today, its biologically-rich floodplain, home to 1.7 million people and one of the most extended collection of fish species, is extremely vulnerable to impacts of extensive and large-scale water infrastructure construction (hydropower, irrigation, flood control and water supply). Millennia-old settlement, multi-ethnic livelihood and socio-cultural practices are threatened by an increase in deforestation and monocrop cultures, a growing population, burgeoning international investment, mass tourism and various development pressures. At the same time, the ecological vitality of the lake is endangered by increasing siltation, pollution, over-exploitation of wildlife (particularly fish and bird habitats) and the spread of non-native vegetation. Cambodia’s tumultuous history, with dramatic ruptures, had a direct effect on its foundational water system. The article will reveal the inextricable weaving of the innate dynamics of landscape — soil, vegetation, topography and water — and human domination through degrees of engineering feats and progressive territorial occupation. Settlement and productive landscapes were initially developed with various modes of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), which is still evident in the territories of numerous floating fishing and lakeside high-stilted villages. It will then critically review the past two centuries near-irreversible break of the harmonious landscape-occupation nexus where various imposed systems over-exploited the natural richness to a point where landscape disturbances threaten the collapse of ecological systems. Finally, it hypothesizes that only a deep understanding of the interrelations of the regions complex landscape ecologies and a commitment to their rejuvenation will permit future occupation for both human and non-human species. |
| Key words: Tonle Sap Lake ower Mekong Basin traditional ecological knowledge settlement disruptive water engineering |
| 引用本文: | （比利时）布鲁诺·德·梅尔德,（比利时）凯莉·香农,贾绿媛,王晞月.柬埔寨的洞里萨湖：干扰性水利工程与传统生态知识之间的迭代[J].风景园林，2022，29（2）：12-25. |
| (BEL) Bruno De Meulder,(BEL) Kelly Shannon,JIA Lyuyuan,WANG Xiyue.Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Lake: Iterating Between Disruptive Water Engineering and TEK[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2022, 29(2):12-25. |
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