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| 构建中国园林康养职业化体系 |
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李树华, 康宁
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清华大学
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】应对快速城市化和新冠病毒疫情给中国带来的影响，森林园林康养师作为国家认可的正式职业已于2022年7月被纳入《中华人民共和国职业分类大典》。这给风景园林行业提供了新的机遇和挑战。【方法/过程】以学际交叉的视野明确园林康养师的定义、主要工作任务与知识结构体系；以融古通今的角度分析园林园艺、中医药和养生文化等对中国园林康养的指导意义；以中体西用的方法归纳总结美国和日本的认证培训体系。【结果/结论】未来风景园林行业应深入开展园艺疗法与园林康养科学研究、制订园林康养师职业标准、加强相关院校园林康养人才培养，建立并完善园林康养师认证体系，并为其提供高质量培训实习基地和相应就职单位，同时进行业务督导，从而在不断创新发展中完善中国园林康养职业化体系。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 园林康养 园艺疗法 园林康养师 培训认证体系 全民健康 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202206240358 |
| 分类号:TU986.3+1 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目“基于高压人群身心健康的工作环境绿色空间体系研究”（编号51978364）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“北京地区城市森林疗养空间特征识别及健康效益定量评价”（编号51908310） |
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| Construction of the Professional System of Garden Healthcare in China |
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LI Shuhua, KANG Ning
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Tsinghua University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] In response to the effects of rapid urbanization and the COVID-19 pandemic on China, in July 2022, the forest-garden healthcare practitioner was formally added to the “Occupational Classification System of the People’s Republic of China” as a officially recognized occupation, providing new opportunities and challenges for the landscape architecture industry. [Methods/process] This research clarifies the definition, main tasks and knowledge structure system of the occupation of garden healthcare practitioner from an interdisciplinary perspective. The “ garden healthcare practitioner” is defined as “ healthcare personnel providing health services for sub-healthy or healthy people by using the five-sense stimulation, horticultural therapy, landscape therapy and other healthcare therapy theories and technical methods with green plants as the main element” . A garden healthcare practitioner has seven primary tasks: 1) Collect health information from people with healthcare needs, analyze and evaluate their health status, and develop a landscape therapy program (green prescription) by means of health testing equipment, health assessment scales, etc.; 2) analyze the physical and mental health status, as well as the behavioral characteristics of children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, and people suffering from chronic diseases, geriatric diseases, mental diseases, etc., based on which formulate healthcare programs involving non-drug therapy, rehabilitation, decompression, healthcare, and health preservation; 3) provide physiological, psychological and spiritual rehabilitation services by stimulating the senses of smell, taste, touch, hearing and vision using fragrant flowers, medicinal plants, vegetables, fruits and other plants; 4) provide physical, psychological, spiritual, cognitive, social, and other health services through flower art, bonsai, flower recipes, meditation, gardening, pastoral work and other operational therapies; 5) choose any such environment as balcony, roof garden, private garden, community garden, green space, plateau or wilderness for horticultural therapy, environmental therapy, or other healthcare services in combination with specific population groups; 6) guide the planning, design, construction and management of garden therapy and horticultural therapy facilities; 7) analyze healthcare effects, adjust and optimize healthcare plans, and provide consultation for customers. In addition, the research reviews the guiding significance of gardening and horticulture, traditional Chinese medicine, and health preservation culture to garden healthcare in China from the perspective of integrating the ancient and the present. The rich landscape architecture culture and horticulture culture of China, as reflected in numerous famous gardens, classical gardening and horticulture works, skilled craftsmen, plentiful ornamental plant resources, etc., lay the foundation for the professionalization of garden healthcare in China. Traditional Chinese medicine culture also contributes to the professionalization of garden healthcare in China by providing a wealth of plant knowledge, the traditional cognition of human physiology, the dialectical, constant and holistic way of thinking, and the life philosophy of “living in harmony with nature”. Moreover, traditional health practice activities and methods, such as living health, spiritual health, sports health, diet health, medicine health, acupuncture health and massage health, provide guidance for the professionalization of garden healthcare in China. The research also summarizes the training certification system in the United States and Japan from the perspective of west-east integration. Professionalism is required for therapists to serve society, and qualification certification is a symbol of professionalism. In addition to the US horticultural therapist training certification system, the Japanese system is also worth learning. [Results/conclusion] The research has the following conclutions. First, in-depth scientific research on garden landscape and horticultural therapy should be conducted in the future, which should involve the basic theoretical exploration on the relationship between landscape elements and human physiological and psychological health, the impact of the spatial composition of landscape on human physiological and psychological health, the relationship between horticultural activities and human physiological and psychological health, and the physiological and psychological conditions of special population groups receiving the horticultural therapy. Second, the group and national professional standards for garden healthcare practitioners should be established. Third, garden healthcare practitioner training should be expanded in relevant colleges and universities by offering courses on horticultural therapy and garden healthcare in majors involving agriculture, forestry, healthcare, social welfare, etc., and by setting up practical training classes on horticultural therapy and garden healthcare to cultivate professionals. Fourth, a strict garden healthcare practitioner certification system should be established by specifying the certification implementation agency, establishing a qualified training team, developing a systematic curriculum system, carrying out strict process management, building high-quality training bases, and clarifying employing entites. The training bases may include botanical gardens, parks, forest parks and other public green spaces, as well as horticultural therapy areas (corners) and garden healthcare areas therein. In addition, there are special horticultural therapy gardens and garden healthcare environments set up in nursing homes, psychiatric hospitals, reeducation centers, and even administrative offices, which may also serve as the aforesaid training bases. The employing entites may include parks, urban farms, hospitals or rehabilitation centers, social education centers, health institutions, charitable organizations, schools, special schools for the disabled, nursing homes, prisons, etc. Meanwhile, business supervision should be strengthened following the objective of improving China’s forest-garden healthcare system through continuous innovation and development. |
| Key words: landscape architecture garden healthcare horticultural therapy garden healthcare practitioner training certification system health for all |
| 引用本文: | 李树华,康宁.构建中国园林康养职业化体系[J].风景园林，2023，30（3）：81-87. |
| LI Shuhua,KANG Ning.Construction of the Professional System of Garden Healthcare in China[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(3):81-87. |
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