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| 南昌市城市公园可达性综合评价 |
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邱文1, 贺利平2, 钟乐3, 王姗4
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1.南昌工学院;2.深圳市宝安区燕罗街道办事处;3.华中农业大学;4.福建农林大学
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】城市公园能显著提升城市人群的健康福祉水平，是重要的社会公共服务资源，其公平分配是城市尺度下环境正义领域研究的关键议题之一。【方法】以南昌市中心城区为例，从路网、公园吸引力、出行概率、出行模式4个维度优化两步移动搜索法（2SFCA），计算各居民点的公园可达性，引入洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数等公平性指标以及双变量局部莫兰指数对可达性水平的空间分异情况进行测度。【结果】结果表明：1）南昌市各区域间公园可达性水平分异显著，新区和旧城中心区公园可达性差异较大；2）公园可达性空间布局总体处于失衡状态，公园资源与人口密度失配；3）提升公园服务能力和降低居民出行成本均可以提升公平性，但通过降低居民出行成本获得的提升比较有限。【结论】通过提出公园可达性优化方案并进行绩效评估，可为优化公园空间配置、保障环境正义等实践提供科学依据。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 环境正义 城市公园 可达性 空间分异 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202204250254 |
| 分类号:TU986.2 |
| 基金项目:中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金“基于多维度适宜性评价的自然保护地体系重构研究”（编号 2662020YLQD003） |
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| Comprehensive Evaluation of Accessibility of Urban Parks in Nanchang |
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QIU Wen1, HE Liping2, ZHONG Le3, WANG Shan4
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1.Nanchang Institute of Science & Technology;2.Yanluo Sub-district, Baoan District, Shenzhen;3.Huazhong Agricultural University;4.Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] Cities are a combination of “gray space” and “green space”, consisting of both man-made and natural environments. The massive expansion of urban built-up areas and the explosive growth of urban population in the past decades have caused negative impacts on the environment, economy and society. As a component of urban green space, urban parks play a crucial role in the sustainable development of cities. However, the spatial layout of urban parks is not always coupled with population distribution, which can lead to a certain degree of inequity in access to parks for residents living in different areas, and the disadvantaged groups in cities are more likely to be deprived of green space. Ensuring the equal accessibility and layout of urban parks is a major challenge in today’s urban development, and a key to achieving environmental justice. However, most of the previous researches in China only measure the fairness of park distribution by accessibility level, but fail to consider the fairness indicators comprehensively, not to mention the lack of effective accessibility measurement methods. 2SFCA is the fairest accessibility measurement model that operates by calculating the supply-demand ratio of public facilities, but the underlying algorithm thereof only focuses on the improvement of a single dimension, and the thinking dimension is not broad enough. In view of this, this research considers several key dimensions of the 2SFCA algorithm that can be improved to further perfect the traditional 2SFCA model to measure the accessibility of urban parks in the central urban area of Nanchang, and then analyze the fairness of the spatial layout of urban parks. [Methods] This research plans to use a variety of mathematical models to evaluate the accessibility of urban parks in Nanchang and the equity of their layout. 2SFCA is most widely used in previous researches in terms of accessibility and equity, but the model only considers a single dimension, making the analysis results thereof less accurate. Therefore, this research improves 2SFCA by comprehensively considering the 4 dimensions of decay function, search range, travel pattern, and competition for demand or supply, and adopts the improved model to calculate the park accessibility for human settlements in Nanchang. After that, the research introduces Lorenz curve, Gini index, bivariate local Moran’s I and other equity indicators to further analyze the distribution equality of urban park resources in Nanchang, and adopts data analysis software to visualize and analyze relevant data. [Results] From the above analysis, the research findings are as follows. 1) The level of park accessibility varies significantly between different areas in Nanchang. Specifically, the areas with better park accessibility are distributed in the northeast and southwest of the city, generally in the new urban area, or along large natural open spaces such as large rivers and lakes with better ecological background conditions and more new parks and large parks; the areas with poorer park accessibility are distributed in the southeast and northwest of the city, mostly in the old urban area. 2) The spatial layout of park accessibility is generally in a state of inequity, and there is a mismatch between park resources and population density, with such mismatch being especially serious in the center of the old urban area. On the other hand, the limited supply of land and high land price in the old urban center restrict the construction of large parks, which are the reasons for the lack of services provided by parks in the center of the old urban area, while the suburban areas are ideal for large parks due to their sparse population, good natural environment, low land price and sufficient land supply. However, poor public transportation, high travel time cost, and insufficient park facility in suburban areas reduce the attractiveness and utilization rate of the large parks therein. 3) Increasing park service capacity and reducing transportation travel cost can both improve park equity, but the latter is more limited than the former in equity improvement, and increasing park service capacity by about 15% from its original base can best improve park equity. [Conclusion] As the spatial distribution of urban parks in Nanchang still shows variability and inequity, efforts should be made in the following aspects. 1) Adopt differentiated optimization measures in combination with the spatially divergent characteristics of accessibility levels to, by combining the concepts of urban greenways and stamped green areas, creating urban ecological patches using small green areas and unused spaces, and further creating urban ecological patches along existing rivers, lakes and other areas rich in park resources, improve the fairness of urban park accessibility and distribution and solve the problem of unequal distribution of urban parks. 2) Improve park service capacity to a limited extent. By increasing the number of parks within the city or renovating existing parks, the use of park resources can be made more equitable, but research has found that the enhancement effect is greatly reduced when the area of hard-surface park lands is increased beyond a certain limit. Therefore, the best performance can be achieved by renovating the existing parks and keeping the area of new hard-surface park lands within 15%. 3) Reduce the cost of travel between settlements and parks. The accessibility of parks under all four-time threshold scenarios is at a low level, and the distribution is relatively unequal. Therefore, the construction of urban transport infrastructure should be accelerated, the transport linkage between old and new urban areas should be strengthened, and the operational efficiency of the urban transport system should be improved. |
| Key words: landscape architecture environmental justice urban park accessibility spatial differentiation |
| 引用本文: | 邱文,贺利平,钟乐,王姗.南昌市城市公园可达性综合评价[J].风景园林，2023，30（4）：78-86. |
| QIU Wen,HE Liping,ZHONG Le,WANG Shan.Comprehensive Evaluation of Accessibility of Urban Parks in Nanchang[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(4):78-86. |
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