| 摘要: |
| 【目的】月是中国园林中最常见也最深入人心的景观意象之一，以光景为研究视角，从构成要素、构景特征和营造手法逐层分析，可探寻中国传统园林月色光景构景价值。【方法】基于光景学的理论框架，通过搜集整理园记、绘画、诗作等资料，对中国传统园林中月色光景的构景模式进行解析。【结果】总结了“空山对月”“水中月”“高台望月”“横斜带月”和“掬水月在手”5类经典的月色光景构景范式；从月色光景的人、光、环境三要素及其相互关系入手，概括出“移世界的视觉效果”“月相变化的时空体验”“仰观俯察的空间层次”，以及“多维度的感官渲染”4种构景特征，并从中归纳月色光景主要的营造方式。【结论】在中国传统园林中，月色光景的营造不限于对亮度、照度和舒适度等的物理层面上的追求，而更注重精神层面的文化语境以及场域中人的思想感知。可为中国传统园林的月景营造研究及现代园林的光景理论与实践提供参考。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 中国传统园林 光景学 构景 月色光景营造 文化语境 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202205150294 |
| 分类号:TU986.1 |
| 基金项目:中国科学院咨询课题“继承弘扬传统文化，提升人居环境品质——重视开展声景学、香景学及光景学研究与实践”子课题“光景学研究”（编号 2018-ZW01-A-031）；亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室自主研究课题“亚热带城市公园中光景与听、嗅感官的多元交互作用研究”（编号 2022KB06） |
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| Analysis of Moon Lightscape Configuration in Traditional Chinese Gardens |
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LI Yating, QIU Jianzhen
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South China University of Technology
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] The landscaping of Chinese traditional gardens operates similarly to the arts of poetry and painting by introducing relevant natural imageries, with moonlight being one of the most prominent and well-established imageries adopted. A moon lightscape is conveyed more through its poetic and pictorial atmosphere rather than its physical characteristics alone. This research aims to, based on the review of a number of records, diagrams, poems and paintings regarding Chinese traditional gardens, document the visual perception elements of moon lightscape incorporated in Chinese traditional gardens, and reveal the key characteristics thereof: distinct landscape consciousness, aesthetic principle and philosophical underpinning. [Methods] This research summarizes the famous moonlight landscaping ideas based on the theoretical framework of lightscape, and further figures out how moonlight and shadow affect the atmosphere in spaces such as buildings, stones, and plants and why this idea of moonlight lightscape is used as a paradigm for landscaping of Chinese traditional gardens. Additionally, the research theoretically refines and analyzes the classic composition of moonlight lightscape in traditional Chinese gardens in terms of composition elements, constituent characteristics and creation methods. [Results] The research summarizes totally five classical patterns of moon lightscape configuration, including “Moonlight Silently Brightening Empty Mountain”, “Moonlight on Water”, “Moonlight Viewing from a High Platform”, “Moonlight on Plum Branches”, and “Moonlight on Water Held in Both Hands”. The “Moonlight Silently Brightening Empty Mountain” pattern takes open mountain flat lands as a viewing point, highlighting the cultural connotation of traditional Chinese aesthetics of “quiet observation”, creating an atmosphere of “emptiness and stillness”. “Moonlight on Water” combined with architecture and environment can evoke rich literary or humanistic allusions. “Moonlight Viewing from a High Platform” provides an open and unobstructed view. The scene of “Moonlight on Plum Branches” is created by planting a large number of plum trees to form a sea of plum flowers under the moonlight, or by planting plum trees around houses, inspiring a multi-sensory interplay of sight and smell. “Moonlight on Water Held in Both Hands” is a typical interactive lightscape that can be enjoyed in a house garden or any other convenient site. “Person-light-environment” is also a fundamental element in constructing a moon lightscape. The “person” element invokes human activities, experiences and emotional expression in the moonlight scenery. The “light” element involves the properties of moonlight and other light sources combined with moonlight. The “environment” element includes physical elements such as animals, stones, flowers, trees, water and buildings, as well as non-physical elements such as sounds and smells. The research outlines four structural characteristics of moon lightscape gardening. The visual effect of “Yi Shijie” (scene shifting) refers to how the moonlight changes the original color, shape and shadow of a garden, creating a unique visual experience. The “spatio-temporal experience of changing moon phase” means that the change of moon phase and light can naturally provide a dynamic experience even with immobile objects such as buildings, scenery, stones, water and plants. The “spatial hierarchy from upward and downward vision” is created by looking up and down while enjoying the moonlight lightscape. The “multi-sensory experience” focuses on how moonlight expands the viewers’ integrated perception and stimulates a rich experience of sight, sound and smell. Moonlight plays an important role in the construction of traditional Chinese gardens. The research proposes six main methods for constructing a moon lightscape. Specifically, “moonlight borrowing” refers to incorporating the connotations contained in the moonlight into the composition of lightscape by directly using the light, shape, shadow and color of the moon as elements. “Moonlight shading” involves creating a unique lightscape by changing the light that passes through plants or other elements. “Moonlight penetration” refers to the penetration of the moonlight into such objects as scenery stones or bridge holes to form a unique effect, just like a bunch of full moon images on water. “Moonlight reflection” involves creating a lightscape scene with the reflection of the moon on still water. “Moonlight backdropping” sets off and enhances the experience of sounds and smells against the stillness of the moonlight to create a multi-faceted landscape. “Interactive and integrated lightscape” emphasizes the integration of different light elements, such as fireflies and artificial lights, to create a rich lightscape. [Conclusion] In Chinese traditional gardens, the creation of moon lightscapes focuses on the cultural context and spiritual perception of people, rather than physical factors such as brightness, illumination and comfort. Moon lightscape is not merely a symbolic feature in a garden, which should be viewed from a broader perspective to understand the unique landscape patterns and characteristics thereof. Drawing on the experience of moon lightscape configuration in Chinese gardens can provide a new perspective for the construction of modern nightscape, the quality improvement of human living environment and the research on modern gardens, which is also an effective way to promote traditional culture, strengthen the sense of place and enhance national cultural confidence. |
| Key words: landscape architecture Chinese traditional garden lightscape landscape configuration moon lightscape construction cultural context |
