| 摘要: |
| 【目的】沙地圩田在长三角地区沿江地带以线性分布的形式跨越多个县市，目前正面临类型划分不清与资料收集困难等问题，需要进行系统性的形态类型划分与分布范围识别。【方法】本研究依据文献资料中对沙地圩田形成机制的记载，结合历史地图和历史遥感影像对景观形态进行初步类型辨识和标记。随后利用基于卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks, CNN）的SegNet语义分割网络模型配合人工目视解译技术，预测识别长三角地区沙地圩田的分布范围。最后从风景园林的视角分析沙地圩田的区域分布特征与水网发育动力，总结其景观营建智慧。【结果】长三角地区沙地圩田可初步划分为3种类型：沙地内圈圩田、沙地外滩圩田、江口新垦圩田。预测结果表明，自然地理环境的变迁是沙地圩田景观结构、分布规律和水网发育的主导性因素。3种类型沙地圩田所呈现出的景观结构存在历时性演变特征，体现出景观营建的环境适应性特点。【结论】研究表明类型学归类方法可以对区域尺度下的沙地圩田进行类型划分、形态分析与演变特征总结，同时配合机器学习类人工智能可以更高效地识别各类型圩田的分布范围，为今后类似的乡村景观研究提供经验和参考。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 类型学 机器学习 长三角 沙地圩田 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202212290736 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金“长三角圩田景观的传统水文干预、空间营建和管控模式研究”（编号 52078041） |
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| Type Distribution Identification and Morphological Characteristic Analysis of the Sand Flat Polders in the Yangtze River Delta |
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CUI Ziqi, GUO Wei
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Beijing Forestry University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] The sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta are the products of the continuous inning of tidal flats along and silting of sandbanks amidst the Yangtze River. They are mainly distributed along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. With thousands of years of natural evolution and human settlement activities, they have formed a unique landscape. In the Yangtze River Delta, the formation of shoreline spans nearly 7,000 years, the natural conditions and social environment are distinctive in different periods, and the land generation mechanism under different backgrounds finally leads to the diversified features of the water landscape network. Since sand flat polders are typically distributed linearly across several counties and cities along the rivers concerned, they vary greatly in different areas in terms of landscape morphology, and relevant historical documents and drawings are fragmented and scattered that entail a systematic combing and integration, which is so complex that has prevented domestic and foreign scholars from paying attention to sand flat polders. It is necessary to systematically divide the morphology type and identify the distribution range of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta. In view of the large differences in landscape morphology of the sand flat polders in different areas and the difficulties in data collection, this research suggests that the method of typology be used to systematically classify and identify the landscape types and distribution of the sand flat polders. Moreover, the ML-based AI technology, with strong remote sensing image identification capability, can also be used to replace human brain in processing regional distribution identification of the sand flat polders. [Method] Based on the analysis of historical documents related to the generation mechanism and distribution characteristics of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta, and in combination with the 1917 survey map of the Military Commission of the Republic of China, the 1937 survey map of the Japanese Land Survey Department and other historical mapping maps, as well as the “keyhole” remote sensing image data of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), this research judges the types of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta, and analyzes the morphological characteristics of each type of the sand flat polders through a case study of typical polder areas, with the data obtained being used as the original data to mark all types of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta. Moreover, the research adopts the CNN-based SegNet semantic model to segment the “keyhole” remote sensing image with the water network texture as the main identification feature, based on which the distribution range of these types of sand flat polders is predicted. The predicted results are modified by confidence cluster analysis and manual visual interpretation. From the perspective of landscape architecture, the research analyzes the regional distribution characteristics and development dynamics of the water network of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta, and summarizes the wisdom of landscape construction of these sand flat polders. [Results] This research finds that the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta can be divided into three types: 1) the inner sand flat polders represented by Guazhou area; 2) the outer sand flat polders represented by Yangzhong area; 3) the new reclamation polders at the river estuary represented by Haimen area. The results show that the change of physical geographical environment is the dominant factor influencing the landscape structure, distribution and water network development of the sand flat polders. For example, the inner sand flat polders are distributed in the early inland zone, the outer sand flat polders are distributed in the middle and late riverside zone, and the new reclamation polders at the river estuary are distributed in t摨琠桬敡⁴灥爠潥浳潴瑵楡潲湹†潺景捥漮洠灉牮攠桴敨湥猠楥癡敲慹渠摹捡潲潳爬搠楴湨慥琠教摡摧整発敥氠潒灩浶敥湲琠楡湲瑩桥敤†奡愠湢条瑬穡敮剥楤瘠敡牭䑵敮汴琠慯爠敭杵楤漠湡吠桳敥物敭獥敮慴爬挠桡捤愠湴慥氠獰潯⁰灵牬潡癴楩摯敮†慩牣敲晥敡牳敥湤挠敳⁴晥潡牤獬楹洬椠汭慡牫牮敧猠整慨牥挠桷敡獴潲渠桥畴海慯湲猠敳瑴瑲汵散浴敵湲瑥†敯湦瘠楴牨潥渠浰敯湬瑤rs close to the density and spatial dispersion of the settlements. In the middle and late periods, taking Yangzhou-Zhenjiang as the boundary, the polder network and settlement density in the east were much higher than those in the west, mainly resulting from the acceleration of riverbed silting rate in the east area. Besides, due to the population surge in the late period, the density of the polder water network in the estuary of the Yangtze River gradually increased and became more regular from west to east. [Conclusion] The research shows that the typology method can be used to extract and classify landscape features of the sand flat polders, and the ML-based AI technology can help identify the distribution range of different types of polders. It is found that the landscape structures of the three types of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta show diachronic evolution. The formation, evolution and development of the sand flat polders are closely related to such factors as development degree of beach land, silting rate, population growth rate and tidal influence range. The formation mechanism driven by multiple factors well reflects the environmental adaptability of the sand flat polders. More specifically, the Chinese ancient working people used and transformed nature while constantly adapting to nature, presenting a relatively mature state of dynamic balanced development, which can reflect the landscape construction of the environmental adaptability characteristic of the sand flat polders in the Yangtze River Delta. This research reveals the process of mutual selection and mutual adaptation between the construction of traditional human settlements and natural systems along the Yangtze River, in order to provide a basis for the protection of historical and cultural heritage, the construction of ecological corridors an |
| Key words: landscape architecture typology machine learning Yangtze River Delta sand flat polder |
