| 摘要: |
| 从城市生境恢复的角度阐释日本3种不同的城市绿化开拓性项目。1）大阪万博纪念公园项目旨在恢复大阪城市核心绿地的自然景观（自我维持的森林）。为实现此目标，除实施相应的植物种植计划和种植方法外，待修复后的植被冠层高度郁闭后，模拟自然干扰的林窗再生的适应性管理是提高其物种多样性的关键。2）梅小路公园的“生命之森”生境花园是第一例实施20余年动态监测的生境修复项目。研究发现生境中物种的迁入定居和灭绝趋势因物种类别而异。3）平安神宫庭园是在城市基底中的濒危物种庇护所（隔离保护地）。庭园中丰富的生物多样性与日本园林造园特征有关，“缩景”（微缩自然）是其中之一；除此之外，还采用了适应性管理来替代自然干扰。最后，提出生境设计需充分考虑自然的3个属性：要素、格局与过程，其中过程属性是最具挑战的议题。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 自然修复 适应性管理 城市生境 生物多样性 濒危物种 |
| DOI：10.14085/j.fjyl.2020.04.0025.11 |
| 分类号:TU982 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Case Studies on Pioneering Urban Habitat Projects in Japan |
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(JPN) Yukihiro Morimoto1, KANG Ning2
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1.Kyoto University;2.Tsinghua University
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| Abstract: |
| Three different kinds of pioneering projects of urban greenery in Japan were introduced from the viewpoint of urban habitat restoration. 1) EXPO’70 Commemoration Park project was a unique trial to restore natural landscapes, “Self-Sustaining Forest”, as a core greenery of Osaka. It is impossible to realize the goal not only by the initial design of the plant communities and planting methods. After the forest canopy closing, the adaptive management of gap regeneration imitating the natural disturbance is a successful method to improve the species diversity. 2) “Inochi-no-mori” is the first case of a habitat restoration project that was monitored precisely for over 20 years. The monitoring group revealed that the trends of colonization and extinction of species in the habitat varied considerably by taxon. 3) The sacred garden of Heian Shrine is an isolated sanctuary of endangered species in the urban matrix. The reason for the rich biodiversity is related to Japanese landscape garden characteristics, such as “Shukkei” (miniaturizing nature). And, adaptive management needed as an alternative to natural disturbances. Habitat design needs to take into account the three properties of nature: “Elements”, “Patterns”, “Process”; and “Process” is the most challenging issue to deal with. |
| Key words: landscape architecture nature restoration adaptive management urban habitat biodiversity endangered species |
