| 摘要: |
| 对中国传统园林假山营造技艺的深入认识需要从整体性和过程性2个视角来进行研究。明末清初江南造园大师张南垣所开创、当代扬州叠山匠师方惠所进一步归纳的“以少胜多”为核心的造园叠山技艺，是传统叠山技艺的重要成就。以在小型庭园中的运用为例，从总体布境、具体造景、叠造技法3个层面详细探讨假山叠石技艺。在布境上，技艺重点在于确定“主山”定位以及主观赏点与大面主景，并布置出生长势、环抱势与延伸势；在造景上，以山洞与山峰、山脚与岩面、水景与山径为关注对象探讨其中技艺要点；在技法上，识石与选石、拼叠与造型、层次与呼应为叠山匠师从基础到高阶的能力要求，贯穿于整个构思与叠造的过程之中。这一技艺研究可为当代叠山提供理论指引，并可继续发展延伸，为传统园林营造技艺的实践传承提供坚实基础。 |
| 关键词: 中国传统园林 庭园 假山营造技艺 叠石 真山景境 |
| DOI：10.14085/j.fjyl.2022.08.0012.07 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Exploration on Garden Rockery-Making Craftsmanship of “Less Exceeding More”: Taking Small Courtyard Garden for Example |
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GU Kai, ZHA Wanying
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Southeast University
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| Abstract: |
| The deep understanding of rockery-making craftsmanship for traditional Chinese gardens entails research from the perspectives of integrity and process. The rockery-making craftsmanship with “less exceeding more” as the core that is invented by Zhang Nanyuan (a gardening master in late Ming and early Qing dynasties in Jiangnan Region, China) and further summarized by Fang Hui (a contemporary rockery-making craftsman in Yangzhou, China) is an important achievement in traditional rockery-making craftsmanship. With small courtyard gardens as a case, this research discusses in detail the application of the aforesaid rockery-making craftsmanship from the three layers of scenery layout, scenery making and techniques respectively. In terms of scenery layout, the research finds that craftsmanship focuses on positioning the “major mountain”, the arrangement of main viewing points and main scenery, and the creation of growing, encircling and extending momentum. In terms of scenery making, the research discusses the priorities of the craftsmanship with a focus on such elements as cave and peak, mountain foot and rock face, and water scenery and mountain trail. In terms of techniques, the research figures out that rockery-making craftsmen are required to gradually develop such abilities as stone understanding and selection, piling and formation, and layering and echoing, which should run through the whole design and making process. This research can provide theoretical guidance for contemporary rockery-making and, through continuous development and extension, lay a solid foundation for the inheritance of traditional gardening craftsmanship in practice. |
| Key words: traditional Chinese garden courtyard garden rockery-making craftsmanship rockery-making real mountain effect |
