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| 健康公园健康人——依托自然保护地促进公共健康的国际经验 |
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钟乐1, 张毅2, 杨胜兰1, 张引3
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1.华中农业大学;2.北京林业大学;3.重庆大学
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】增加自然接触机会是实现全民健身、提升人民健康水平的重要路径，以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设是促进公众自然接触的新阵地，但国内研究相对不足。分析自然保护地促进公众健康的国际经验，为中国依托自然保护地体系促进公共健康、助力“健康中国”战略提供借鉴和启示。【方法】通过文献调研、内容分析、对比研究和个案分析，分析和借鉴以自然保护地促进公众健康的国际经验。【结果】系统梳理了国际自然保护地促进公众健康的全球运动——“健康公园健康人”（HPHP）的起源和发展，从愿景与目标、管理机构与合作伙伴、法律法规和战略规划等方面提取了澳大利亚、美国和欧盟等国家HPHP运动的共性。以美国HPHP体系为例，从国家、区域和保护地单元3个层面，解析了美国国家公园管理局多层级、专业化的公共健康促进策略，从明确定位、科学研究、政策制定、规划计划、多方合作、设施建设、活动策划7个方面总结了美国经验。【结论】由此提出针对中国开展自然保护地促进公共健康研究与实践的7点启示，分别为明确愿景及定位、加强科学研究、建构管理基础、编制多层级规划、发展广泛的伙伴关系、建设完善健康设施体系、开发设计多元化的活动。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 自然保护地 国家公园 健康中国 全民健身 自然接触 绿色暴露 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202206240361 |
| 分类号:TU985.3/.7 |
| 基金项目:中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金“基于多维度适宜性评价的自然保护地体系重构研究” ( 编号 2662020YLQD003）；国家自然科学基金“空间正义视角下国家公园社区管理公平性测度及规划调控研究”（编号 52108040）；中国博士后基金面上项目“中国自然保护地社区管理公平性的空间分异及形成机制研究”（编号 2021M700574） |
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| Healthy Parks Healthy People: Global Experience in Promoting Public Health Through Protected Areas and the Inspirations to China |
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ZHONG Le1, ZHANG Yi2, YANG Shenglan1, ZHANG Yin3
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1.Huazhong Agricultural University;2.Beijing Forestry University;3.Chongqing University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] This paper intends to provide inspiration and references for promoting public health in the protected area system by analyzing and comparing international experiences of the Healthy Parks Healthy People strategy globally. The exposure to natural environment and green spaces can increase the frequency of physical activities among urban and rural residents, which consequently enhances the immunity of body, reduces the potential risks of disease, and significantly improves the health level of the whole population in the full life cycle. Globally, protected areas have become a frontier that can provide opportunities to improve public contact with nature, as those large-size green spaces can extensively attract visitors and are likely to promote more enduring and intensive outdoor physical activities. Although such national programs as Protected Areas System Building in China and Healthy China Initiative have co-created an unprecedented historic opportunity to promote public health in the protected areas in China, it is still rare to see relevant researches and practice in China. The global movement of Healthy Parks Healthy People (HPHP) is widely identified as an effective approach to promoting public health in conservation areas. However, the experience of the movement has not been systematically studied or even noticed by Chinese scholars. In view of the aforementioned gaps, this research aims to achieve the following objectives: 1) summarize the global origin and development of HPHP movement; 2) identify representative countries that are successful in promoting HPHP, and draw lessons at national, regional and protected area scales; 3) summarize the global experience of HPHP movement to promote public health in protected areas and expound on potential countermeasures adaptable to China’s protected area system. [Methods] By literature review and content analysis, this research collects materials about HPHP from relevant literature, official websites, government reports and other documents, to analyze the historical trends of HPHP and select some representative countries. The research adopts a comparative method to compare similarities and differences between those selected countries or regions (Australia, U.S. and Europe) , mostly from the following five aspects: vision, objective, partnership, key area and organization. In addition, the research conducts a case study on the Hot Spring National Park in the U.S. [Results] The research finds that: 1) the strategy of HPHP was firstly put forward in 1999 by Parks Victoria in Australia, and by now this global movement has gone through three significant historical stages, namely the Formation Stage (1865–1999), Inception Stage (1999–2010) and Development Stage (2011 to present). 2) By comparing the HPHP system among Australia, U.S. and Europe, the research recognizes several distinctive features, including clear objective and vision, professional management agency, extensive partnership, legislation, regulation and strategic planning. 3) As the U.S. is acknowledged as the country with the most comprehensive HPHP system worldwide, the research analyzes and presents the HPHP implementation experience of the U.S. respectively from national, regional and local perspectives. Nationally, the Health and Wellness Executive Steering Committee (HWESC) was established in 2010 by the NPS to facilitate the program of “HPHP US”. Regionally, a project entitled “HPHP: the Bay Area” was implemented to connect national parks, urban parks and other open green spaces to boost physical activities partnerships urban dwellers. From the perspective of protected area, Hot Spring National Park was showcased as a typical case, since it is the place where the notion of park prescription was preliminarily proposed, and is famous for all-around and distinctive HPHP promotion strategies. 4) The research classifies the U.S. experience in implementing HPHP projects into the seven aspects of clear vision orientation, scientific research, policy formulation, planning and design, multi-party cooperation, facility construction and event planning, all of which can provide imperative inspirations to China’s protected area system. [Conclusion] The research concludes that there are seven major strategies for promoting public health in China’s protected areas system in response to several national programs such as Protected Areas System Building in China, Healthy China Initiative and National Park System Building in China. Specifically, the aforesaid strategies include clarifying objective and orientation, reinforcing scientific strategy, arranging management staff to secure the operation system, formulating multi-level plans to facilitate the implementation of relevant policies, developing widespread partnerships with governments, institutions, medical organizations, non-government organizations, media, etc., improving health facilities in protected areas, and designing diversified and attempting activities to attract visitors. Promoting public health based on the protected area system remains a frontier field in China, and there are plenty of knowledge gaps to be filled. This research presents as a comprehensive review of the global HPHP movement, based on which the inspirations put forward are still preliminary and conceptual in this almost blank research field. We hereby call for more theoretical and empirical researches on the healthy dimension of protected areas, which is an integral part of the social impact of protected areas. |
| Key words: landscape architecture protected area national park Healthy China national fitness natural contact green exposure |
| 引用本文: | 钟乐,张毅,杨胜兰,张引.健康公园健康人——依托自然保护地促进公共健康的国际经验[J].风景园林，2023，30（1）：38-44. |
| ZHONG Le,ZHANG Yi,YANG Shenglan,ZHANG Yin.Healthy Parks Healthy People: Global Experience in Promoting Public Health Through Protected Areas and the Inspirations to China[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(1):38-44. |
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