| 摘要: |
| 【目的】鲁南传统沿运市镇的生成、发展与区域水要素密切相关，它们在防洪和水运影响下衍生了典型的水适应性空间特征，解析其中蕴含的生态智慧与运河文化对当今沿运市镇的发展与运河文化的传承有积极作用。【方法】以实地踏勘和文献梳理为基础，辅以空间图解的分析手段，从多座市镇的普适性和单座市镇的典型性2个层次对鲁南传统沿运市镇水适应性表达进行发掘。【结果】分别解析鲁南沿运市镇基于防洪需求的御洪适应性和基于用水需求的亲运适应性，进而从耦合水环境基底、迎合水运红利、契合水运行为3个方面总结沿运市镇所具有的水适应性空间特征。【结论】这种特征是鲁南传统沿运市镇对当地水环境长期适应的结果，是鲁南运河景观风貌的空间表征，也是大运河文化的重要组成部分，对未来鲁南沿运市镇的景观风貌建设与运河文化传承具有借鉴意义。 |
| 关键词: 城水关系 运河城镇 大运河 黄河洪水 市镇 水适应性 空间特征 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202204190243 |
| 分类号:TU984.2 |
| 基金项目:自然资源部国土空间规划局国土空间规划体系重大问题补充研究课题“建设更具自然价值和文化特色的国土空间实施策略”（编号 TC2101050/10）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金“城市边缘区乡村景观地域特征延续和生态过程维护的途径和方法研究”（编号 2019ZY40） |
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| Water Adaptive Spatial Characteristics of Traditional Towns Along the Grand Canal in Southern Shandong Under the Influence of the Grand Canal and the Yellow River |
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WANG Ke, FENG Junming, LIN Qing
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Beijing Forestry University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] Regional water environment is an important factor influencing the development of regional settlements. During Ming and Qing dynasties, the towns along the Grand Canal in Southern Shandong were greatly influenced by the construction of the Grand Canal and the interference of the Yellow River intruding into the Huaihe River, consequently being endowed with the typical water adaptive spatial characteristics. These spatial characteristics are the result of not only the long-term exploration by local people on the law of water environment, but also the interaction between the aforesaid towns and the Grand Canal for hundreds of years, which will have a positive effect on the development of these towns and the inheritance of canal culture. This research analyzes the ecological wisdom and canal culture contained in these characteristics. [Methods] Using the research methods of field investigation and literature review, this research, in combination with the connection and typicality of the relationship between towns and water, selects 8 ones from the 13 towns along the Grand Canal in Southern Shandong as the research object. After that, by virtue of GIS platform and image analysis software, the research explores the water adaptive spatial expression of the eight towns from the perspective of the universality of multiple towns and the typicality of a single town by the method of spatial graphical analysis. [Results] Through the dual-perspective analysis of the eight towns as a whole and each single town therein, the research has the water adaptation expression of towns classified into two systems: flood control adaptability based on flood control demand, and water utilization adaptability based on water demand. The flood control adaptability is manifested in three aspects. 1) Avoid flood by virtue of terrain. All the eight towns were initially sited in places with relatively high terrain and built on artificially raised foundations. 2) Stop flood relying on dykes. The governments of Ming and Qing dynasties built large-scale dykes to protect the Grand Canal, which essentially protected the towns along the Grand Canal in Southern Shandong. Town managers also organized the construction of small flood banks or big dykes around the towns, city walls and other flood protection facilities to protect their homes. 3) Discharge flood using ponds. Each of the towns is adjacent to pond or lake that can quickly distribute flood water. Through the implementation of a series of flood control measures, the eight towns have formed a unique town-water pattern, and distinctive dyke and pond landscape. The water utilization adaptability is manifested in two aspects. 1) At the level of the towns as a whole, the eight towns are all distributed on both sides of the Grand Canal, and closely connected with the canal. In addition, they are all located at the intersection between the canal and adjacent land/water transportation corridors. 2) At the level of individual town, the town boundary presents the trend of longitudinal extension along the canal, the location relationship between towns and the canal presents the characteristic of being adjacent to and crossing the canal, the distribution of streets and the orientation of residential buildings both present a parallel or vertical relationship with the canal, and the functional layout of town commerce and the handicraft industry and the distribution of town public space both present the spatial texture of distributing along the canal. The water adaptive spatial characteristics of the eight towns can be summarized into three points based on the analysis of the formation mechanism and spatial expression of the flood control adaptability and the water utilization adaptability. 1) Adapt to the water environment foundation. The flood control measures adopted in the eight towns contain the ecological wisdom of low intervention and localization, which well fits local water environment. 2) Cater to the dividends brought by water transportation. Based on the common foundation of water transportation, the eight towns have established some common characteristics in terms of spatial layout and spatial morphology, and formed a kind for canal town paradigm with strong canal characteristic. 3) Conform to the demand of water transportation. Four types of spaces, namely water conservancy facility sites, water transportation switch sites, water god’s sacrificial sites and governmental water conservancy and water transportation sites, have gradually taken shape in the eight towns under the influence of the canal, which are not only functional spaces serving the canal, but also important public activity spaces or cultural spaces to the towns. [Conclusion] Water environment is the dominant driving force for the spatial evolution of traditional towns along the Grand Canal in Southern Shandong, and the towns have gradually developed typical water adaptability characteristics under the dual influence of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal. These characteristics are the result of the long-term adaptation of the towns to local water environment, the characterization of the canal landscape in Southern Shandong, and an important part of the world cultural heritage of the Grand Canal. |
| Key words: urban-water relationship canal town the Grand Canal Yellow River flood town water adaptation spatial characteristic |
