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| 傲雪凌霜 学者脊梁——孙筱祥先生对当代公园和植物园建设发展的开创性、前瞻性贡献及深远国际影响 |
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朱成珞1, 孙朗岚2
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1.中国科学院植物研究所;2.MWH Global知识管理和策略性应用软件美洲总部
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| 摘要: |
| 【意义】随着国家植物园和华南国家植物园于2022年相继揭牌成立，当代公园和植物园的发展历程引起了更加广泛的关注。孙筱祥先生是中国现代风景园林领域的先驱和开拓者，其风景园林作品包括花港观鱼公园、杭州植物园、北京林业大学教学植物园、北京植物园（现国家植物园）、中国科学院华南植物园（现华南国家植物园）、海南植物园、厦门市园林植物园、深圳市仙湖植物园、中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园和云南景东亚热带植物园。纵观这些作品的诞生、演变及创作时代背景，系统性地总结孙先生的理论、实践和职业生涯，对于当代公园和植物园建设发展史的研究至关重要。【评论】孙筱祥先生集教育家、园林家、花卉家、画家、建筑师和大地规划师于一身，他的风景园林作品在时代洪流中脱颖而出，成为永恒的经典和传世之作。通过对孙先生70年风景园林史料的分析和研究，从聚焦时代背景的视角，阐述他为当代建设科学与艺术、东方与西方、古典与现代、自然与人文、抽象与现实相结合的世界一流公园和植物园开辟了道路、引领了方向、奠定了基础、树立了典范。【展望】孙筱祥先生的风景园林作品，遍布中国大江南北的不同气候带，他为促进植物多样性物种保存和迁地保护、人类生存环境的可持续发展，以及发挥公园和植物园的生态、社会、美学和经济效应，均做出了不朽的贡献。他的理论思想和园林创作艺术将通过他的杰作代代传扬，持续推动中国和世界风景园林事业的发展。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 孙筱祥 植物园 花港观鱼公园 杭州植物园 国家植物园 华南国家植物园 仙湖植物园 西双版纳热带植物园 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202211160645 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Professor Sun Xiaoxiang’s Groundbreaking and Visionary Contributions to the Founding and Development of Public Gardens and Botanical Gardens in Modern China, and Profound International Influence Thereof |
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ZHU Chengluo1, SUN Langlan2
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1.Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences;2.Knowledge Management and Strategic Applications of MWH Global
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| Abstract: |
| [Significance] Following the inauguration of China National Botanical Garden and South China National Botanical Garden in 2022, people become increasingly interested in the founding history of public gardens and botanical gardens in modern China. Professor Sun Xiaoxiang (1921–2018) is a pioneer in Chinese modern landscape architecture, and the primary founder of the discipline of landscape planning and design in China. As an educator, a landscape architect, a florist, a painter, an architect and a landscape planner, Professor Sun has planned and designed many internationally influential large public gardens and botanical gardens in China throughout his prolific life, including China National Botanical Garden and South China National Botanical Garden. This research systematically summarizes Professor Sun’s theory, practice, career, representative works and historical contributions in the field of landscape architecture, to provide a reference for academic researches on the formation and development of public gardens and botanical gardens in modern China, in all respects. By studying archives spanning over 70 years of Professor Sun Xiaoxiang’s academic documents on landscape architecture, this research creates a timeline of his career and works. Through the lens of history, the research formulates a pattern to demonstrate that many of Professor Sun’s groundbreaking ideals are often ahead of their time, only to be proven visionary over time or decades later. By methodically following Professor Sun’s professional footsteps and analyzing the creation, evolution and historical background of his works with a focus on the united formation thereof, the research renders a microcosm of the 70-year founding and development history of both public gardens and botanical gardens in China, engraved with Professor Sun’s immortal contributions every step along the way.[Progress] Professor Sun Xiaoxiang graduated from Zhejiang Univerisity in 1946 with a bachelor of agriculture in landscape design. He once taught at Zhejiang University, China Agriculture University and Beijing Forestry University in China, and lectured at 30 prestigious foreign universities, including Harvard University in the US and Curtin University in Australia. The classic textbook Garden Art and Landscape Design he authored has been widely used by all universities in China in the field of landscape architecture for over 30 years and has influenced scholars and students for several generations. In the 1950s and 1960s, he completed the Master Plan of West Lake Area, planned and designed his first and most famous design works, Huagangguanyu Park (Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor, one of the ten scenic spots of Hangzhou West Lake), and the Hangzhou Botanical Garden, including the plant taxonomy system area therein. He then planned and designed the Botanical Garden of Beijing Forestry University, the Beijing Botanical Garden (predecessor of the China National Botanical Garden inaugurated in 2022), the South China Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (predecessor of the South China National Botanical Garden inaugurated in 2022), he also successively planned and designed the Hainan Botanical Garden and Xiamen Botanical Garden. In the early 1980s, he reselected the site and completed the master plan of Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, famous for the beautiful man-made “Fairy Lake”, which he artistically named and designed based on Chinese folklore. In 2006, he completed the new master plan for Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XTBG), the largest botanical garden in China with an area of 1,125 hm2, including 250 hm2 of well-preserved primary tropical rainforest. The excellent preservation of over 13,000 species of plants in its 38 living collections has enhanced its reputation for being one of the most diverse botanical gardens for outdoor plants in the world. The “Hundred Flowers Garden” designed by Professor Sun, which consists of 33 gardens within, is the main scenery area of XTBG. XTBG was awarded “National 5A Travel Scenic Spot” in 2011, and has since gained ever-growing attention worldwide. In 2013, Professor Sun completed the master planning of Yunnan Jingdong Subtropical Botanical Garden, which was a challenging undertaking entailing the highest skillset and extensive experience due to its mountainous site and the relative height difference of up to 700 meters in some places. Professor Sun defined the essence of the heritage of Chinese classical garden, as the art of the ideal landscape school of scholar’s garden, which consists of “Three States”: The Natural State (natural in landscaping), the Picturesque State (picturesque in composition) and the Ideal State (poetic in feelings of the heart). He established Chinese modern landscape architecture education model, known as “walking with 5 legs” (one leg each as a painter, an ecologist, a horticulturist, an architect and a poet). For decades, his theory and education model have been internationally influential. [Conclusions and Prospects] Professor Sun Xiaoxiang’s theory originates from his lifelong practice, his practice is based on proven theories, and his landscape architecture works are the results of the continuous combination, refinement and perfection of his theory and practice. His ideals and works have forged the path, led the direction, laid the foundation and set an example for creating world-class public gardens and botanical gardens that combine science and art, east and west, contemporary and classicality, nature and culture, and abstract and reality seamlessly. With his works extending all over China in different climatic zones, Professor Sun Xiaoxiang has made significant contributions to species preservation and ex situ conservation for plant diversity, sustainable development of human living environment, and exertion of the ecological, social, aesthetic and economic effects of public gardens and botanical gardens. In 2014, Professor Sun was awarded the “Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award”, the highest honor that the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) can bestow upon a landscape architect, in recognition of the unique and profound impact of his lifetime achievements and contributions in promoting the development of landscape architecture for the benefit of mankind, society and the environment, making him the first winner of the award in Asia. His achievements and contributions have been documented in the book of IFLA Book 2010–2014, and his legacy will be carried forward and continue to inspire others well into the future. |
| Key words: landscape architecture Sun Xiaoxiang botanical garden Huagangguanyu Park (Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor) Hangzhou Botanical Garden China National Botanical Garden South China National Botanical Garden Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden |
| 引用本文: | 朱成珞,孙朗岚.傲雪凌霜 学者脊梁——孙筱祥先生对当代公园和植物园建设发展的开创性、前瞻性贡献及深远国际影响[J].风景园林，2023，30（2）：10-27. |
| ZHU Chengluo,SUN Langlan.Professor Sun Xiaoxiang’s Groundbreaking and Visionary Contributions to the Founding and Development of Public Gardens and Botanical Gardens in Modern China, and Profound International Influence Thereof[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(2):10-27. |
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