| 摘要: |
| 【目的】恢复天坛外坛祭祀道路和两傍种植有助于推进天坛1998年申遗承诺的实现，进而真实、完整地展示和阐释天坛及北京中轴线突出普遍价值（outstanding universal value, OUV），助力中轴线申遗工作。【方法】叠合比对不同时期、不同类别天坛图档，结合文献和现状遗存的佐证，对明清天坛外坛祭祀道路空间位置及演变历程、祭祀道路及两傍种植的尺度进行考证，并基于明清营造尺“步”进一步校正。【结果】明清天坛外坛祭祀道路共有9条，基本形成于明代，祭祀道路两傍种植呈“仪树”栽植，最早植于明代，祭祀道路和两傍种植尺度均以明清营造尺“步”进行测量定位。【结论】天坛外坛祭祀道路和两傍种植共同构成了祭祀路线的礼制空间。考证结果可指导天坛外坛被占用地考古勘探方案的制定及后续天坛外坛祭祀道路格局与两傍种植的恢复，同时对于提升北京中轴线南段空间整体品质、恢复先农坛祭祀道路格局也有一定参考价值。 |
| 关键词: 遗产保护 历史景观 北京中轴线 天坛外坛 祭祀道路 植物景观 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202208170493 |
| 分类号:TU986.2；K061 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Research on the Nine Sacrificial Roads and Avenue Tree Planting Along Such Roads in the Outer Altar of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing During Ming and Qing Dynasties |
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WU Jingwei1, WU Dongfan2
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1.Temple of Heaven;2.Tsinghua University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] The Temple of Heaven is one of Beijing’s seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and is also one of the heritage sites involved in the world heritage nomination of Beijing Central Axis. The sacrificial roads play a skeletal role in the historical pattern of both the Temple of Heaven and Beijing Central Axis, and have significant impacts on tree species along the roads and planting methods thereof. At present, the outer altar of the Temple of Heaven (hereinafter referred to as the “Outer Altar”) is largely occupied. The restoration of sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar and the avenue tree planting will promote the realization of the commitment to the world heritage nomination of the Temple of Heaven in 1998. The restoration will make it possible to present and interpret the outstanding universal value (OUV) of the Temple of Heaven and Beijing Central Axis in an authentic and integrated way, and facilitate the inscription of Beijing Central Axis. [Methods] The research is based on the historical documents, drawings and archives about the Temple of Heaven and relevant heritage remains. By comparing different categories of drawings and archives in different periods and corroborating the historical documents and existing heritage remains, the research confirms the spatial location of the sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar in Ming and Qing dynasties, the evolution of these roads, and the scale of avenue tree planting, with the research scale being further corrected based on “step” (pronounced as “bu” in Chinese), a construction measurement unit prevailing in Ming and Qing dynasties. [Results] There are 9 sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar in Ming and Qing dynasties. The roads are respectively referred to as ① to ⑦, ⑩ and ⑪ in this research, which are all parallel or perpendicular to the altar wall. There are 4 roads, ②, ③, ⑥ and ⑪, in the north-south direction, and 5 roads in the east-west direction, namely ①, ④, ⑤, ⑦ and ⑩. The roads were formed mainly in Ming Dynasty. The emperors in Ming and Qing dynasties used road ① to enter and leave the Great Sacrificial Altar for the worship of heaven and earth. Before sacrifice, the emperors must inspect the sacrificial animals through roads ② and ⑩. Roads ③ − ⑦ allowed the emperors to enter and leave the Yuanqiu Altar to worship heaven. Road ⑪ is for the emperors to enter and leave the Chongyu Altar to pray for rain. The functions of the roads overlapped in terms of historical sacrifice. Today, three of the nine sacrificial roads’ remains can still be found, while the others have all been occupied. The avenue trees of the sacrificial roads are planted in a “Yishu” (ceremonial) pattern, with two rows of acacia trees being planted on each side of road ①, one row of acacia trees being planted on each side of the rest sacrificial roads, and five rows of cypress trees being planted on the north side of the south outer altar wall. The above trees were initially planted in Ming Dynasty. There are 11 ancient acacia trees on existing sacrificial roads. The trees are mainly concentrated on the two sides of road ③, the south side of road ①, and the west side of road ②. The scale of the sacrificial roads and avenue tree planting are measured and positioned in “step”, an ancient measurement unit. Among the sacrificial roads directly facing the altar door, road ⑥ is the widest with a width of 16.0 m; roads ① and ⑦ are th敥†汳潥捣慯瑮楤漠湷潤晥瑴栠敷整硨椠獡琠楷湩杤⁴慨渠捯楦攠渱琲愸挠慭挻椠慲瑡牤攠散猠Ⱪ猠潮慲獲瑷潥爠敷獩瑴潨爠敡†瑷桩敤⁴灨愠瑯瑦攠爱渱愲渠摭瀠汁慳渠瑴氠慴湨摥猠捲慥灳整†潲景瑤桳攬†佲畯瑡敤牳†䅡氠瑡慮牤†楤渠慨湡慥甠瑴桨敥渠瑳楡捭愠湷摩楴湨琠敯杦爠愱琱攮搲†睭愬礠ⱷ慴湨搠慯捡捤漠牡搠楢湥杩汮祧†爲攷献琲漠牭攠瑷桡敹†獦灲慯瑭椠慴汨猠祷獥瑳整洠慵湴摥漠牡摬整牡漠晷牬潬礠慡汮爠楲瑯畡慤氠獤†椶渰䴸椠湭朠慷湡摹†兦楲湯杭†摴票湥愠獳瑯極整獨†楳湩瑥栠敯猠潇畵瑡桮敧牬湩†獇敡捴瑥椻漠湲潡晤†䉢攠楩橳椠游朮‰䌠敭渠瑷物慤汥䄠硡楮獤⸠the distance from it to the west inner altar wall is 38.4 m. Compared with other roads, the roads directly facing the altar door have wider row spacing (28.8 m) for avenue tree planting, so as not to block the altar door, and the row spacing thereof is set as 28.8 m, except that the spacing for outer rows along road ① is 57.6 m. For the other roads, roads ② and ⑤ share the same row spacing of 16.0 m, and the row spacing of road ③ is 12.8 m. The spacing between avenue trees planted along the sacrificial roads is 8.0 m for road ①, and 9.6 m for the rest roads. The row spacing and tree spacing for the 5 rows of cypress trees in the south of the Outer Altar are both 4.8 m. [Conclusion] The sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar and the avenue trees planted along such roads jointly constitute the ritual space of the sacrificial route. The findings of this research may guide the formulation of the archaeological exploration plan for the occupied area in the Outer Altar, and the subsequent restoration of the pattern of sacrificial roads and avenue tree planting along them, while providing reference for improving the overall quality of the southern section of Beijing Central Axis and restoring the historical pattern and relevant sacrificial roads of the Altar of Agriculture. After clearing the encroachment of the sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar, it is suggested that a thorough archaeological excavation be carried out for roads ③, ⑥ and ⑦ with remains, and an exploration be conducted for the rest of the sacrificial roads without remains. The archaeological findings will be used to determine road size and construction methods. After that, the planting layout of the sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar should be restored according to th |
| Key words: heritage conservation historic landscape Beijing Central Axis Outer Altar of the Temple of Heaven sacrificial road plant landscape |
