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| “真境造山”理念下叠石假山营建中的种植设计 |
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杨云峰1, 云嘉燕2, 董芊里1, 张青萍1
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1.南京林业大学;2.同济大学
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】学界对园林中叠石假山营建体现真山之境这一观点已有共识，其上的种植设计应兼顾美学与生态两方面的要求，并考虑如何在有限的空间内辅助假山、烘托意境，但目前少有成体系的研究。为此，探究假山营建中这一约定俗成的植物设计方式。【方法】通过文献研究、实例分析、交流访谈及实地调研的方法，探讨“真境造山”理念下园林叠石假山的种植设计目的、原则、方法和技法。【结果】1）在设计目的上，应围绕“营真境、求意境”的理念展开。2）在设计原则上，注重“疏朗、错落、合宜、助势”——树形疏朗，叶不挡枝；栽植有层次，高矮变化错落有致；选择合适树种；种植设计为山服务，营造山势。3）在设计方法上，植物选择需适配假山风格，目的在于“取荫、遮瑕”；营建之前就应完成种植布局；山前、山中、山后3个区域采用不同的种植设计方法；通过植物的色香味体现假山意境内涵。4）在设计技法上，树种的选择以丛生多干的小乔木为主，与其他种类植物配合进行景观营造，后期通过合理修剪，体现假山造景的自然美。【结论】围绕“真境造山”的主题，细致研究了叠石假山种植设计的方法，加深了对传统造园叠山技艺的系统性理解，可为造园实践提供指引。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 真境 叠石假山 园林植物 种植设计 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202203050131 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金“现存苏州私家园林叠山的三维数字化信息研究”（编号 51878353）；国家自然科学基金“城市湿地公园实施方案验证分析”（编号 31300590）；中国博士后基金“清代江南女性诗词中的园林形象研究”（编号 2021M691603） |
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| Planting Design in the Construction of Stone Stacked Rockery Under the Concept of “Realistic Rockery Construction” |
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YANG Yunfeng1, YUN Jiayan2, DONG Qianli1, ZHANG Qingping1
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1.Nanjing Forestry University;2.Tongji University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] A consensus in academia is that the construction of garden rockery should reflect the state of real mountain. Accordingly, planting design in rockery should also revolve around the purpose of “creating real environment and seeking artistic conception”. However, most existing researches mainly focus on the summary of plant configuration in gardens, seldom involving the discussion on planting design within the scope of rockery, and fail to deeply explore the principles and methods for rockery planting. This research aims to explore the conventional method and technology for rockery planting design, and to provide planting design for “real mountain type” rockery. [Methods] Based on literature study, case analysis, interviews with artisans and field research, this research discusses the purpose, principle, method and technique of planting design in the construction of garden rockery under the concept of “realistic rockery construction”. [Results] In the process of “realistic rockery construction”, the purpose of plant planting design is to create a natural state that is intended to make rockery more real. The configuration of plants is to endow plants with specific connotation that may help, create the artistic conception of rockery, so as to stimulate the imagination of visitors with rockery as the media. In planting design, it should be clear that although some methods and techniques are based on painting, there are obvious differences between rockery planting and landscape painting from the perspective of viewing and visual effects, and there are also obvious differences between rockery planting and bonsai. The principles of planting design may be summarized as being “clear”, “well-arranged”, “suitable” and “auxiliary”. 1) Being “clear” means that trees are shaped with no branches being blocked by leaves, so as not to affect visitors’ appreciation; 2) being “well-arranged” means that trees should be planted in a scattered manner along the trend of rockery, which entails planting trees with different heights to create the sense of depth; 3) being “suitable” means that right tree species should be selected and planted in ecologically suitable places, with all the trees selected being characteristic in both posture and color; 4) being “auxiliary” means that planting design should clarify the positioning of plants, that is, plants should be subordinated to and highlight rockery, with the growth direction of plants being in line with the extension direction of rockery, so as to facilitate the construction of rockery. There are three general steps in planting design. First, designers should establish the planting style based on the style of rockery. The selected shape of trees should be fluffy and branches positioned high, so as to provide shade for visitors while covering up the flaws of rockery stones. Second, planting layout should be determined in line with the shape of rockery. The planting position of rockery plants should be special and different from that of flat planting, which is restricted by the soil volume and bearing capacity of rockery. Besides, it is not easy to move rockery plants after planting. So the layout should be completed before construction, and should consider the size of plants as they grow. Finally, planting area should be divided into three parts that are respectively positioned in the front, middle and back of rockery. After the division of planting area, detailed design should be carried out in such a way that it can highlight the viewing point of rockery and strengthen the sense of depth thereof, and different areas should be designed by different methods. Specifically, as for plants, the prospect of stones, it is better to select large trees that can provide visitors with comfortable and cool sightseeing environment. However, plants should not block the ornamental surface of rockery. The species and morphology of rockery plants should emphasize the height and thickness of rockery. As plants are mostly directly planted on rockery, where soil weight and volume are limited, designers should select clumpy small arbors or shrubs with dense branches. The size of plants selected should not be excessively large or small, so as not to negatively affect the momentum of rockery while enabling plants to well play the role of scenery barrier. Additionally, the plants should be properly pruned in the process of maintenance. Behind rockery, soil should be stacked to the same height as rockery, and large-sized plants should be selected and densely planted to form a forest background for rockery, provided that plants should not block the buildings nearby, and should be able to create the artistic conception of “mountain behind mountain”. In addition, planting design should reflect the artistic conception of rockery through plants’ color, smell and taste. Planting design techniques may be broadly summarized as follows: In the delicate space of rockery, the rockery body should have a clear texture well matches the surrounding plants, and the selection of tree species should pay attention to the size of trees and the matching thereof with stones. This research gives some examples of plants commonly used in rockery planting. Besides, pruning and maintenance of plants are also important. In the long run, suitable pruning can make plants rich in natural wildness, cover up flaws of rockery and set off artistic conception. [Conclusion] Centering around the theme of “realistic rockery construction”, this research explores in detail the methods for planting design, which can help deepen the systematic understanding of the traditional techniques of rockery stacking, and provide guidance for gardening practice. |
| Key words: landscape architecture natural state stone stacked rockery garden plant planting design |
| 引用本文: | 杨云峰,云嘉燕,董芊里,张青萍.“真境造山”理念下叠石假山营建中的种植设计[J].风景园林，2023，30（5）：131-138. |
| YANG Yunfeng,YUN Jiayan,DONG Qianli,ZHANG Qingping.Planting Design in the Construction of Stone Stacked Rockery Under the Concept of “Realistic Rockery Construction”[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(5):131-138. |
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