| 摘要: |
| 【目的】中国荒野存量丰富，为中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系及其他国土空间创建一个关于荒野的视角与适应性管理方法，将有利于加强科学研究和土地管理，从而更好地保护中国的自然美景以及国家公园生态系统的原真性和完整性。【方法/过程】重点回顾了加拿大和美国国家公园中荒野适应性管理中的经验与教训。20世纪初，自加拿大和美国开始，作为自然保护地概念的荒野在国家公园概念之后得以发展。北美有100年历史的荒野保护也随着理念、环境、冲突的变化，不断地进行适应性规划与管理调整。【结果/结论】在北美最具代表性的国家公园中，荒野地通常占公园总面积的95%以上。国家公园与荒野的关系取决于特定保护地中不同的保护目的和重点。无论荒野地是否被定义为国家公园的核心部分或独立的保护区，荒野的保护价值和质量被作为关键因素予以关注，或者以相应方式和原则得到管理。对拥有类似丰富荒野资源的中国提出4点建议：1）将荒野价值主流化并融入中国生态文明建设，尤其是国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设、“碳达峰”与“碳中和”、生物多样性保护政策与目标等方面；2）加强全国荒野普查与清单建设，确立中国荒野分类和认定标准；3）通过确定特定荒野属性与价值，对国家公园功能分区进行科学与动态调整；4）借鉴国际荒野管理指南与实践，制定中国荒野地适应性管理技术指导指南，提出对热门国家公园在最初就做好旅游发展与荒野游憩之间的平衡规划，将原住民纳入共治主体等建议。 |
| 关键词: 荒野 国家公园 保护地 国家公园中的荒野 适应性管理 北美 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202304050166 |
| 分类号:TU981 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Adaptive Planning and Management of Wilderness in National Parks: Insights from North America |
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(USA)Vance G. Martin1, (CA)Harvey Locke2, CAO Yue3, ZHANG Qian4
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1.President of Wilderness Foundation Global (South Africa);2.IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas;3.Tsinghua University;4.WILD Foundation (USA) and Wilderness Foundation Global (South Africa)
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] China is a country rich in wilderness. It would be very useful to create a wilderness related perspective and adaptive management approach for China’s national parks based proteted areas system and other territorial spaces. This will strengthen scientific research and land management, thereby better protecting China’s natural beauty and the authenticity and integrity of national parks. [Methods/process] Wilderness as a protected area concept that was developed subsequent to the national park concept, starting somewhat simultaneously in both Canada and the United States around the turn of the 20th century. The 100-year history of wilderness conservation in North America has undergone continuous adaptive planning and management adjustments as concepts, environments, and conflicts have changed. [Results/conclusion] Research shows that in North America’s most representative national parks, wilderness areas typically make up more than 95 percent of the total park area. The relationship between national parks and wilderness depends on the different conservation purposes and priorities in a particular protected area. Whether wilderness is defined as a core part of a national park or as a separate protected area, the conservation value and quality of wilderness is addressed as a key factor or managed in a manner and in accordance with principles. The researcher focuses on reviewing the experiences and lessons learned in the history of wilderness adaptive management in national parks in Canada and the United States, and proposes four suggestions for China, which has similar vast coverage of wilderness resources. Including: mainstreaming wilderness values and integrating them into China’s ecological civilization construction, especially the construction of protected areas system with the core status of national parks, as well as carbon peak and carbon neutrality, biodiversity conservation policies and objectives; Strengthen the construction of the national wilderness survey and inventory, and establish the classification and identification standards for China’s wilderness; To scientifically and dynamically adjust the functional zoning of national parks by determining specific wilderness attributes and values; Drawing on international wilderness management guidelines and practices, develop a technical guide for adaptive management of wilderness areas in China, make a balanced plan between tourism development and wilderness recreation in popular national parks from the beginning, and include indigenous peoples in the main body of joint governance. |
| Key words: wilderness national park protected areas wilderness in national parks adaptive management North America |
| 引用本文: | （美）万斯·G.马丁,（加）哈维·洛克,曹越,张倩.国家公园中荒野的适应性规划与管理——来自北美的启示[J].风景园林，2023，30（10）：20-33. |
| (USA)Vance G. Martin,(CA)Harvey Locke,CAO Yue,ZHANG Qian.Adaptive Planning and Management of Wilderness in National Parks: Insights from North America[J].Landscape Architecture Journal, 2023, 30(10):20-33. |
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