| 摘要: |
| 【目的】开展自然保护地精细化分区和管控，是实现新阶段国家公园和自然保护地精准化、适应性管理的基础，但目前分区方法对于保护对象行为需求，人-野生动物关联性、动态性、适应性认识仍有限。【方法】基于现代生态系统管理理论，采用MaxEnt物种分布模型和多种空间分析模型方法，对保护野生动物行为及保护需求，以及与人类行为空间交互关系进行系统分析，提出自然保护地精细化分区管控的行为分析方法（behavior-based approach for refined zoning and management, BAZM）。【结果】以云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区人鹤系统为例，识别出黑颈鹤夜栖地最小接近距离400 m缓冲区及重要湿地恢复区为核心保护区；辨识出保护区45%面积为生境维护区，保证黑颈鹤主要觅食区食源安全和维持人鹤共生系统，将文化体验区、风景展示区、传统生产区、综合服务区共同划定为一般控制区；在此基础上提出外围协调区，协调黑颈鹤区域越冬和迁徙安全；最终提出3+N的细化分区以及精准化管控和适应性管理策略。【结论】该方法具有较强的适应性、科学性和可操作性，对完善中国国家公园和自然保护地规划理论方法、推动精准化保护和适应性管理具有重要意义。 |
| 关键词: 自然保护地 国家公园 生态系统管理 行为分析法 适应性管理 大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202303310159 |
| 分类号:TU985.13 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金“自然保护地伞护物种与当地社区的空间作用机理及测度方法研究——以人鹤系统为例”（编号 52208066）；上海市科委青年科技英才扬帆计划“拟建长江口国家公园重要物种保护与生产生活冲突空间识别与规划对策”（编号 21YF1419600）；国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“国家公园规划与管理”（编号 20FGLB014） |
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| A Behavior-Based Approach for Refined Zoning and Management of Protected Areas |
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PENG Wanting, YANG Wenhui, WU Chengzhao
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Tongji University
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] Establishing an effective method for zoning and management of protected areas (PAs) that conforms to international advanced protection principles based on the human-nature relationship and actual situation of PAs in China is an important issue for upgrading and optimizing PAs. Carrying out refined zoning and management of PAs is the foundation for achieving precise and adaptive management of national parks and PAs in the new stage. However, current zoning methods still fail to fully understand the behavioral needs of protected objects, and the relevance, dynamics and adaptability of human-wildlife interactions. [Methods] Based on modern ecosystem management theory, this research adopts the MaxEnt species distribution model and various spatial analysis model methods to systematically analyze the behavior and protection needs of protected wildlife, as well as their spatial interactions with local communities, and proposes a behavior-based approach for refined zoning and management (BAZM) of national parks and PAs. This approach consists of five main steps: 1) Determine protection targets and objects, as well as ecological units; 2) analyze spatial demands of protection targets, local residents and visitors according to their behaviors; 3) assess interactive effects between species habitats and human activity spaces; 4) define the zoning model and delineate refined functional zones; 5) formulate itemized control measures and implement adaptive management. [Results] To better understand the BAZM approach, the research takes the Dashaobao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve as an example, which is established to protect the black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), a flagship species. According to the behavior and habitat demands of the protection object the research identifies two most important habitats of black-necked crane, namely the roosting habitats and foraging habitats. The roosting sites of black-necked cranes and their protection buffers are identified through field trips and the minimum approaching distance (MAD) method. A total of four roosting sites with 400 m buffer distance are identified. Additionally, the research adopts the MaxEnt model to identify the foraging sites of black-necked cranes, finding high foraging suitability in core zones around crane roosting sites and village patches, indicating positive association with villages that provide food resources. The conflict space between crane protection and human utilization (89.7 km2 ) account for 46.7% of the total reserve area; the protection and utilization opportunity space accounts for 34.7%, with similar proportions of protection opportunity space (17.4%) and utilization space (17.3%). It is identified that the 400 m buffer zones for the roosting sites of black-necked cranes determined by the MAD method and the important wetland restoration areas are designated as core protection areas, and that 45% of the protected area is a habitat maintenance area designed to ensure the safety of food sources in the main foraging area of black-necked cranes and maintain the human-crane coexistence system. The habitat maintenance area is designated as a general control area together with cultural experience area, scenic display area, traditional production area, and comprehensive service area; in addition, a peripheral coordination area is proposed to coordinate the regional wintering and migration safety of black-necked cranes; finally, A “3+N” refined zoning of core protection area, general control area and peripheral coordination area is proposed, with itemized control measures formulated for each functional area based on natural/cultural resources, visitor experience, and encouraging/ discouraging community behaviors. Moreover, by collecting and monitoring feedback from key indicators of this PAs system, adaptive plans can be proposed and adjusted, enabling adaptive management of the entire process through feedback and corrections. [Conclusion] The BAZM approach demonstrates strong adaptability, scientificity and operability. Its application can promote adaptive planning and management of national parks and provide technical support for refined zoning and precise control of national parks and PAs. The BAZM approach has the following advantages: 1) Fully consider species behaviors, habitat quality and community needs to improve scientificity and accuracy of reserve zoning; 2) avoid overprotection or over-development by balancing ecological, economic and social benefits; 3) dynamically adjust zone boundaries and control measures according to changes in species behaviors, community needs and external environment to improve the flexibility and effectiveness of management. Meanwhile, the BAZM approach also faces some limitations and challenges, such as requiring substantial accurate and reliable data support, and involving multiple disciplines, fields and stakeholders. |
| Key words: protected area national park ecosystem management behaviorbased approach adaptive management Dashaobao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve |
