| 摘要: |
| 【目的】适应性协同治理是一种适用于国家公园社区复杂系统的治理理论，对协调保护与发展的矛盾、推进人与自然和谐共生大有裨益。【方法/过程】基于相关研究构建了一个具有操作性的国家公园社区适应性协同治理框架，并以大熊猫国家公园唐家河片区A社区的适应性协同治理实践为例，采用跟踪调查和访谈等方法，考察了A社区的治理成效及其背后的驱动机制。【结果/结论】适应性协同治理框架分为准备、过程、更新3个阶段，每个阶段包含了相应的适应性治理环节和协同治理关键变量；A社区的实践结果验证了该框架的有效性，能够在动态条件下可持续地推进多方协作共同达成治理目标。研究对中国国家公园社区治理实践具有理论与借鉴意义。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 国家公园 社区治理 社会—生态系统 适应性协同治理 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202303200139 |
| 分类号:TU981 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目“国家公园社区可持续发展路径研究”（编号 72241413）；国家社会科学基金项目“建立以国家公园为主体的中国自然保护地体系研究”（编号 18BGL178） |
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| A Framework for Adaptive Collaborative Governance of National Park Communities and Its Effectiveness in Practice: A Case Study of Community A in Tangjiahe Area of Giant Panda National Park |
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HE Xi1, WANG Xiaojun2, SHEN Limin2, ZHUANG Youbo1
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1.Tsinghua University;2.Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve Administration, Sichuan Province
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] Adaptive collaborative governance (ACG) is a theory applicable to the governance affairs of complex systems such as national park communities, which is beneficial to reconciling the conflicts between conservation and development, and realizing the vision of living in harmony with nature. Internationally, many researches on community governance model have been conducted. The relevant research in China has not been able to integrate governance theories at the level of driving mechanism, or combine the theories of “adaptability” and “polycentricity”. In this regard, it is necessary to explore a systematic ACG framework for national park communities from a Chinese perspective. [Methods/process] Referring to social − ecological system theories and related researches, this research firstly constructs an operable theoretical framework of ACG for national park communities. Secondly, taking the ACG practice of Community A in Tangjiahe Area of the Giant Panda National Park as the research object, this research, based on the in-depth interviews and questionnaires implemented during the period from 2019 to 2022, assesses the governance effectiveness of Community A. [Results/conclusion] In terms of framework construction, the ACG framework is divided into three stages: preparation, process and renewal. Each stage contains corresponding adaptive governance components, which are hereby summarized as follows: 1) feasibility assessment, and organization platform construction; 2) “goal − action − assessment” system, and project/action plan implementation; 3) monitoring and evaluation, learning adjustment, and outcome incentives. The key variables of collaborative governance at each stage include starting conditions, connective leadership, and organized institutional design at the preparation stage, social capital at the process stage, and benefits, values and knowledge and experience at the renewal stage. This framework makes the community an important subject of governance and establishes a mutually beneficial and sharing collaboration mechanism based on the needs of community. For governance techniques, diverse and flexible mechanisms are explored to promote orderly and effective governance. The ACG framework integrates the theoretical ideas of “adaptability” and “polycentricity” , and is able to promote multi-party collaboration to achieve governance goals under dynamic conditions in a sustainable manner. In terms of practice cases, since the pilot establishment of the Giant Panda National Park in 2017, the governance practice of Community A has generally shown a pattern of “platform construction+planning coordination+project operation+evaluation adjustment” , which is in line with the typical characteristics of the ACG framework. In the preparation stage, Community A sets up a co-management committee under a connective leadership. In the process stage, the “planning coordination+project operation” approach is used to promote the realization of the overall sustainable development of the national park community in terms of ecological environment improvement, economic growth and social progress. At the same time, the governance process fully reflects the important driving role played by the 5 key variables of social capital. In the renewal stage, “adapting to local conditions” is realized through monitoring, evaluation, learning and adjustment. Besides, the practice of demonstrating the results of each stage significantly increases the willingness of the community to participate in conservation, thus realizing positive incentives. The results of the questionnaire survey and evaluation show that from 2019 to 2022, Community A has made significant progress in the three dimensions of ecological environment, society and economy, whose governance practice experience and effectiveness verifies the effectiveness of the ACG framework. Through establishing a theoretical framework and verifying its effectiveness with practical cases, this research provides a theoretical foundation and case reference for a better response for national park community governance. Based on the current situation in China, this research puts forward three recommendations: 1) for governance ideology, view the community as a socio − ecological system with a focus on the multidimensional dynamic characteristics and internal and external condition status thereof to choose the best governance model and path according to the situation. 2) For governance subject, clarify the core position of community rights and interests in grassroots community governance. On the basis of actively constructing a communication and coordination mechanism between the governing body and the community, social forces should be widely included and social capital continuously developed. 3) For governance techniques, flexible and diverse systems should be established based on key variables, such as organization platform system, planning system, project operation system, monitoring and evaluation system, and learning and incentive system. |
| Key words: landscape architecture national park community governance social – ecological system (SES) adaptive collaborative governance (ACG) |
