| 摘要: |
| 【目的】哈密地区是新疆维吾尔自治区东北部的主要绿洲分布区，也是新疆现存长城军事建筑遗产最多的地区。该区现有研究集中于考古、历史、地理、社科等领域，尚未有长城军事遗产与自然景观关系的专题研究。为厘清绿洲资源对长城军事防御体系构成和军事建筑建造的影响，从环境角度展开长城研究。【方法】实地踏勘并结合已有考古调查、古籍文献、ArcGIS软件，绘制各类绿洲调节范围内长城遗产分布图，模拟军事建筑与绿洲环境的关系。【结果】该区绿洲根据成因、形态和分布特点可分为3类。区域内的长城军事建筑择绿洲而筑、就地取材，形成了由点状泉水调节的山体防御线、由面状湖水调节的水体防御线和由带状河流调节的平原防御线，有军事防御和交通保障两大重要作用。总结出了该地区宏观军事防御体系和微观建筑建造的新类型。【结论】绿洲资源是干旱地区长城军事建筑修筑的重要驱动力和影响因子，绿洲的形态、空间分布特点及其地理差异性，影响了宏观的长城防御模式和微观的长城单体建造，为今后长城军事体系和建筑研究提供新思路。 |
| 关键词: 绿洲景观 长城军事遗产 军事防御 长城选址 军事建筑 丝绸之路 新疆 哈密地区 |
| DOI：10.12409/j.fjyl.202304290205 |
| 分类号:TU986 |
| 基金项目:河北省社科基金项目“明代驿递交通系统空间分布研究——以河北地区为例”（编号 HB19YS036） |
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| Military Defense System of the Great Wall in Hami Region of Xinjiang Under the Influence of Oasis |
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CHANG Di1, LI Yan1, KONG Xiangzheng2
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1.Tianjin University;2.Hebei University of Technology
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| Abstract: |
| [Objective] Hami region is a significant oasis distribution area in north-eastern Xinjiang, and is home to most of the extant military architectural heritage of the Great Wall in Xinjiang. The combination of valuable oasis resources and strategic military location makes Hami region a major transportation route extending from the inland area to the Western Regions, an important town along the northern Silk Road, and a key military defense area concerned by emperors of all generations. The purpose of this research is two fold. Firstly, the research aims to investigate whether the oasis resources in the region have any influence on the composition of the military defense system of the Great Wall and the construction of individual buildings, and the specific manifestations of such influence. Secondly, in previous researches, the military defense system of the Great Wall is typically classified into such categories as the beacon signaling system and the postal delivery system, while this research attempts to investigate the natural environment as an entry point to establish a new classification model connecting oasis and the military defense system. [Methods] Firstly, a fundamental study is conducted on the natural geographical features of the Hami region. Considering the variations in geographic position, elevation, climate traits, precipitation distribution, vegetation cover, and other natural factors, the region can be classed into three geographic zones: the Hami Basin, the Barkun Basin, and the Santang Lake Basin. Subsequently, each distinct natural feature within the different zones is meticulously analyzed, relevant data retrieved, and emphasis is placed on the analysis of the distribution, reasons for formation, and morphology of oasis in the region. Secondly, a field survey of the natural environment and architectural heritage of the Hami region is carried out to collect information and photographs. This information is then used to create a distribution map of military architectural heritage of the Great Wall in the region. These heritages are preliminarily categorized and studied by age and building type. In the third step, the planar and spatial relationships between the military architecture of the Great Wall and the oasis environment are simulated using ArcGIS software and aided to present complex spatial information intuitively. The inferred conclusions are verified with historical documents, and the different types of military defence systems in the region are summarized from a macro perspective. Lastly, based on the field surveys, the materials and structures of the military buildings of the Great Wall in different environments are examined from a micro perspective. The geographic distribution of the construction methods are then mapped to explore the relationship between the building constructions, oasis, and natural environments. [Results] The military defense system and construction of military architecture along the Great Wall in the Hami region rely heavily on the oasis resources present. These resources serve as the foundation for sustaining military structures, while also playing a crucial role in the composition of defense system of the Great Wall and the construction of the military buildings in Hami. Differences in the overall morphology and spatial distribution of the oasis influence the macro-defense system and micro-architectural construction. Key factors which influence this include: 1) Oasis resources provide the basis and decision-making ideas for top-level macro-defense of the military defense system. During construction, the distinct forms of oases and environmental features were used to create natural barriers, such as mountains and lakes, coupled with artificial defenses like beacons, posts, and garrisons, constructing multiple lines of defense. 2) When building military structures, oasis resources provided craftsmen with low-cost and convenient materials, reflecting the region’s distinct characteristics. Therefore, military buildings along the Great Wall in the Hami area were constructed using locally made materials, adapting to the land’s conditions and locating sites close to water sources with unobstructed lines of sight. This resulted in a mountainous defense line regulated by dot-shaped oasis (distributed in the northeastern part of Barkol Basin), a watery defense line regulated by surface-shaped oasis (distributed in the western part of Barkol Basin), and a plains defense line regulated by belt-shaped oasis (distributed in the Hami Basin). These defense lines served both as a means of military defense and as protection for the Silk Road traffic. Strengthening the rule of the Central Plains on the western frontier, military structures in the Hami region played dual roles as defense and protection for the oasis. [Conclusion] Oasis resources are a significant driving force and influencing factor in the construction of military buildings of the Great Wall in the arid northwest region in China. The relationship between the oasis resources and the Great Wall heritage can be described as mutual promotion and interaction. This research considers the relationship between architecture and environment from the perspective of oasis, placing the Great Wall heritage in the context of the entire natural geography. This research categorizes and studies the Great Wall defense system and the Great Wall monolithic architecture by a new method, hoping to provide new ideas for future Great Wall research, while raising public awareness of the military heritage of the Great Wall, and of the siting and construction wisdom and and value connotations of such heritage. |
| Key words: oasis landscape military heritage of the Great Wall military defense location of the Great Wall military construction Silk Road Xinjiang Hami region |
